Within the
enormous Mahabarata is a small poem of about 79 pages.
The Bhagavad Gita is certainly the single most influential book
in terms of understanding Western manifestations of Hinduism.
This important text of Hinduism is probably the best place to
get a picture of Hindu philosophy in simple, concise and very
profound remarks about life, the human condition, ethics, and
other things relevant to the lives of the noble warriors of the
Mahabarata.
The excerpt I have chopped out of those few pages represents
the basic explanation of the ethico-psycho-spiritual activities
of the Karma Marga and the Bakhti Marga.
from the Sacred
Texts Website site http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gita/agsgita.htm
public domain translation. I prefer the Juan Mascaró
translation from Penguin, which we read in the classroom.
But this one is public domain.
THE TEACHINGS
OF THE GITA BEGIN WITH THE TRUE KNOWLEDGE OF SPIRIT
AND THE PHYSICAL
BODY
Lord Krishna said: You grieve for those who are not worthy
of grief, and yet speak words of wisdom. The wise grieves neither
for the living nor for the dead. (2.11)
There was never a time when these monarchs, you, or I did not
exist; nor shall we ever cease to exist in the future. (2.12)
Just as the soul acquires a childhood body, a youth body, and
an old age body during this life; similarly, the soul acquires
another body after death. This should not delude the wise. (See
also 15.08) (2.13)
The contacts of the senses with the sense objects give rise
to the feelings of heat and cold, and pain and pleasure. They
are transitory and impermanent. Therefore, one should learn
to endure them. (2.14)
Because a calm person ¾ who is not
afflicted by these sense objects, and is steady in pain and
pleasure ¾ becomes fit for salvation.
(2.15)
THE SPIRIT IS
ETERNAL, BODY IS TRANSITORY
The invisible Spirit (Atma, Atman) is eternal, and the visible
physical body, is transitory. The reality of these two is indeed
certainly seen by the seers of truth. (2.16)
The Spirit by whom this entire universe is pervaded is indestructible.
No one can destroy the imperishable Spirit. (2.17)
The physical bodies of the eternal, immutable, and incomprehensible
Spirit are perishable. Therefore fight, O Arjuna. (2.18)
The one who thinks that the Spirit is a slayer, and the one
who thinks the Spirit is slain, both are ignorant. Because the
Spirit neither slays nor is slain. (2.19)
The Spirit is neither born nor does it die at any time. It
does not come into being, or cease to exist. It is unborn, eternal,
permanent, and primeval. The Spirit is not destroyed when the
body is destroyed. (2.20)
O Arjuna, how can a person who knows that the Spirit is indestructible,
eternal, unborn, and immutable, kill anyone or causes anyone
to be killed? (2.21)
DEATH AND TRANSMIGRATION
OF SOUL
Just as a person puts on new garments after discarding the
old ones; similarly, the living entity or the individual soul
acquires new bodies after casting away the old bodies. (2.22)
Weapons do not cut this Spirit, fire does not burn it, water
does not make it wet, and the wind does not make it dry. The
Spirit cannot be cut, burned, wetted, or dried. It is eternal,
all pervading, unchanging, immovable, and primeval. (2.23-24)
The Spirit is said to be unexplainable, incomprehensible, and
unchanging. Knowing the Spirit as such you should not grieve.
(2.25)
Even if you think that the physical body takes birth and dies
perpetually, even then, O Arjuna, you should not grieve like
this. Because death is certain for the one who is born, and
birth is certain for the one who dies. Therefore, you should
not lament over the inevitable. (2.26-27)
All beings are unmanifest, or invisible to our physical eyes
before birth and after death. They manifest between the birth
and the death only. What is there to grieve about? (2.28)
THE INDESTRUCTIBLE
SPIRIT TRANSCENDS MIND AND SPEECH
Some look upon this Spirit as a wonder, another describes it
as wonderful, and others hear of it as a wonder. Even after
hearing about it very few people know what the Spirit is. (See
also KaU 2.07) (2.29)
O Arjuna, the Spirit that dwells in the body of all beings
is eternally indestructible. Therefore, you should not mourn
for anybody. (2.30)
LORD KRISHNA
REMINDS ARJUNA OF HIS DUTY AS A WARRIOR
Considering also your duty as a warrior you should not waver
like this. Because there is nothing more auspicious for a warrior
than a righteous war. (2.31)
Only the fortunate warriors, O Arjuna, get such an opportunity
for an unsought war that is like an open door to heaven. (2.32)
If you will not fight this righteous war, then you will fail
in your duty, lose your reputation, and incur sin. (2.33)
People will talk about your disgrace forever. To the honored,
dishonor is worse than death. (2.34)
The great warriors will think that you have retreated from
the battle out of fear. Those who have greatly esteemed you
will lose respect for you. (2.35)
Your enemies will speak many unmentionable words and scorn
your ability. What could be more painful to you than this? (2.36)
You will go to heaven if killed on the line of duty, or you
will enjoy the kingdom on the earth if victorious. Therefore,
get up with a determination to fight, O Arjuna. (2.37)
Treating pleasure and pain, gain and loss, and victory and
defeat alike, engage yourself in your duty. By doing your duty
this way you will not incur sin. (2.38)
IMPORTANCE OF
KARMA-YOGA, THE SELFLESS SERVICE
The science of transcendental knowledge has been imparted to
you, O Arjuna. Now listen to the science of selfless service
(Seva), endowed with which you will free yourself from all Karmic
bondage, or sin. (2.39)
No effort is ever lost in selfless service, and there is no
adverse effect. Even a little practice of the discipline of
selfless service protects one from the great fear of repeated
birth and death. (2.40)
A selfless worker has resolute determination for God-realization,
but the desires of the one who works to enjoy the fruits of
work are endless. (2.41)
THE VEDAS DEAL
WITH BOTH MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL ASPECTS OF LIFE
The misguided ones who delight in the melodious chanting of
the Veda ¾ without understanding
the real purpose of the Vedas ¾ think,
O Arjuna, as if there is nothing else in the Vedas except the
rituals for the sole purpose of obtaining heavenly enjoyment.
(2.42)
They are dominated by material desires, and consider the attainment
of heaven as the highest goal of life. They engage in specific
rites for the sake of prosperity and enjoyment. Rebirth is the
result of their action. (2.43)
The resolute determination of Self-realization is not formed
in the minds of those who are attached to pleasure and power,
and whose judgment is obscured by ritualistic activities. (2.44)
A portion of the Vedas deals with three modes — goodness, passion,
and ignorance — of material Nature. Become free from pairs of
opposites, be ever balanced and unconcerned with the thoughts
of acquisition and preservation. Rise above these three modes,
and be Self-conscious, O Arjuna. (2.45)
To a Self-realized person the Vedas are as useful as a small
reservoir of water when the water of a huge lake becomes available.
(2.46)
THEORY AND PRACTICE
OF KARMA-YOGA
You have control over doing your respective duty only, but
no control or claim over the results. The fruits of work should
not be your motive, and you should never be inactive. (2.47)
Do your duty to the best of your ability, O Arjuna, with your
mind attached to the Lord, abandoning worry and selfish attachment
to the results, and remaining calm in both success and failure.
The selfless service is a yogic practice that brings peace and
equanimity of mind. (2.48)
Work done with selfish motives is inferior by far to the selfless
service. Therefore be a selfless worker, O Arjuna. Those who
work only to enjoy the fruits of their labor are verily unhappy,
because one has no control over the results. (2.49)
A Karma-yogi or the selfless person becomes free from both
vice and virtue in this life itself. Therefore, strive for selfless
service. Working to the best of one’s abilities without becoming
selfishly attached to the fruits of work is called Karma-yoga
or Seva. (2.50)
Karma-yogis are freed from the bondage of rebirth due to renouncing
the selfish attachment to the fruits of all work, and attain
blissful divine state of salvation or Nirvana. (2.51)
When your intellect will completely pierce the veil of confusion,
then you will become indifferent to what has been heard and
what is to be heard from the scriptures. (2.52)
When your intellect, that is confused by the conflicting opinions
and the ritualistic doctrine of the Vedas, shall stay steady
and firm on concentration of the Supreme Being, then you shall
attain union with the Supreme in trance. (2.53)
Arjuna said: O Krishna, what are the marks of an enlightened
person whose intellect is steady? What does a person of steady
intellect think and talk about? How does such a person behave
with others, and live in this world? (2.54)
MARKS OF A SELF-REALIZED
PERSON
Lord Krishna said: When one is completely free from all desires
of the mind and is satisfied with the Supreme Being by the joy
of Supreme Being, then one is called an enlightened person,
O Arjuna. (2.55)
A person whose mind is unperturbed by sorrow, who does not
crave pleasures, and who is completely free from attachment,
fear, and anger, is called an enlightened sage of steady intellect.
(2.56)
The mind and intellect of a person become steady who is not
attached to anything, who is neither elated by getting desired
results, nor perturbed by undesired results. (2.57)
When one can completely withdraw the senses from the sense
objects as a tortoise withdraws its limbs into the shell for
protection from calamity, then the intellect of such a person
is considered steady. (2.58)
The desire for sensual pleasures fades away if one abstains
from sense enjoyment, but the craving for sense enjoyment remains
in a very subtle form. This subtle craving also completely disappears
from the one who knows the Supreme Being. (2.59)
DANGERS OF UNRESTRAINED
SENSES
Restless senses, O Arjuna, forcibly carry away the mind of
even a wise person striving for perfection. (2.60)
One should fix one’s mind on God with loving contemplation
after bringing the senses under control. One’s intellect becomes
steady when one’s senses are under complete control. (2.61)
One develops attachment to sense objects by thinking about
sense objects. Desire for sense objects comes from attachment
to sense objects, and anger comes from unfulfilled desires.
(2.62)
Delusion or wild idea arises from anger. The mind is bewildered
by delusion. Reasoning is destroyed when the mind is bewildered.
One falls down from the right path when reasoning is destroyed.
(2.63)
ATTAINMENT OF
PEACE AND HAPPINESS THROUGH SENSE CONTROL AND KNOWLEDGE
A disciplined person, enjoying sense objects with senses that
are under control and free from attachments and aversions, attains
tranquillity. (2.64)
All sorrows are destroyed upon attainment of tranquillity.
The intellect of such a tranquil person soon becomes completely
steady and united with the Supreme. (2.65)
There is neither Self-knowledge, nor Self-perception to those
who are not united with the Supreme. Without Self-perception
there is no peace, and without peace there can be no happiness.
(2.66)
Because the mind, when controlled by the roving senses, steals
away the intellect as a storm takes away a boat on the sea from
its destination ¾ the spiritual shore
of peace and happiness. (2.67)
Therefore, O Arjuna, one’s intellect becomes steady whose senses
are completely withdrawn from the sense objects. (2.68)
A yogi, the person of self-restraint, remains wakeful when
it is night for all others. It is night for the yogi who sees
when all others are wakeful. (2.69)
One attains peace, within whose mind all desires dissipate
without creating any mental disturbance, as river waters enter
the full ocean without creating any disturbance. One who desires
material objects is never peaceful. (2.70)
One who abandons all desires, and becomes free from longing
and the feeling of 'I' and 'my', attains peace. (2.71)
O Arjuna, this is the superconscious state of mind. Attaining
this state, one is no longer deluded. Gaining this state, even
at the end of one’s life, a person becomes one with the Absolute.
(2.72).
CHAPTER 3
PATH OF SERVICE
Arjuna asked: If You consider that acquiring transcendental
knowledge is better than working, then why do You want me to
engage in this horrible war, O Krishna? You seem to confuse
my mind by apparently conflicting words. Tell me, decisively,
one thing by which I may attain the Supreme. (3.01-02)
Lord Krishna said: In this world I have stated a twofold path
of spiritual discipline in the past. The path of Self-knowledge
for the contemplative ones, and the path of unselfish work (Seva,
Karma-yoga) for all others. (3.03)
One does not attain freedom from the bondage of Karma by merely
abstaining from work. No one attains perfection by merely giving
up work, because no one can remain actionless even for a moment.
Everyone is driven to action ¾ helplessly
indeed ¾ by the forces of Nature.
(3.04-05)
Anyone, who restrains the senses but mentally dwells upon the
sense objects, is called a pretender. (3.06)
WHY ONE SHOULD
SERVE OTHERS?
The one who controls the senses by the trained and purified
mind and intellect, and engages the organs of action to selfless
service is considered superior. (3.07)
Perform your obligatory duty, because working is indeed better
than sitting idle. Even the maintenance of your body would not
be possible without work. (3.08)
Work other than those done as a selfless service (Seva) binds
human beings. Therefore, becoming free from selfish attachment
to the fruits of work, do your duty efficiently as a service
to Me. (3.09)
TO HELP EACH
OTHER IS THE FIRST COMMANDMENT OF THE CREATOR
In the beginning the creator created human beings together
with selfless service (Seva, sacrifice) and said: By serving
each other you shall prosper and the sacrificial service shall
fulfill all your desires. (3.10)
Nourish the celestial controllers with selfless service, and
they will nourish you. Thus nourishing one another you shall
attain the Supreme goal. (3.11)
The celestial controllers, served by selfless service, will
give you all desired objects. One who enjoys the gift of celestial
controllers without sharing with others is, indeed, a thief.
(3.12)
The righteous who eat after feeding others are freed from all
sins, but the impious who cook food only for themselves ¾
without first offering to God, or sharing with others ¾
verily eat sin. (3.13)
The living beings are born from food grains, grains are produced
by sacrificial work or duty performed by farmers and other field
workers. Duty is prescribed in the scriptures. Scriptures (such
as the Vedas, the Holy Bible, the Holy Koran) come from the
Supreme Being. Thus the all-pervading Supreme Being or God is
ever present in selfless service. (3.14-15)
The one who does not help to keep the wheel of creation in
motion by sacrificial duty (Seva), and rejoices sense pleasures,
that sinful person lives in vain. (3.16)
The one who rejoices the Supreme Being, who is delighted with
the Supreme Being, and who is content with the Supreme Being
alone, for such a Self-realized person there is no duty. Such
a person has no interest, whatsoever, in what is done or what
is not done. A Self-realized person does not depend on anybody,
except God, for anything. (3.17-18)
LEADERS SHOULD
SET AN EXAMPLE
Always perform your duty efficiently and without any selfish
attachment to the results, because by doing work without attachment
one attains Supreme. (3.19)
King Janaka and others attained perfection of Self-realization
by selfless service (Karma-yoga) alone. You should also perform
your duty with a view to guide people, and for the welfare of
the society. (3.20)
Because whatever noble persons do, others follow. Whatever
standard they set up, the world follows. (3.21)
O Arjuna, there is nothing in the three worlds — heaven, earth,
and the lower regions — that should be done by Me, nor there
is anything unobtained that I should obtain, yet I engage in
action. (3.22)
Because, if I do not engage in action relentlessly, O Arjuna,
people would follow My path in everyway. These worlds would
perish if I do not work, and I shall be the cause of confusion
and destruction of all these people. (3.23-24)
WHAT SHOULD
THE WISE DO TO
THE IGNORANT
As the ignorant work with attachment to the fruits of work,
so the wise should work without attachment, for the welfare
of the society. (3.25)
The wise should not unsettle the mind of the ignorant ones
who are attached to the fruits of work, but the enlightened
one should inspire others by performing all works efficiently
without selfish attachment. (See also 3.29) (3.26)
ALL WORKS ARE
THE WORKS OF NATURE
The forces of Nature do all works. But due to delusion of ignorance
people assume themselves to be the doer. (See also 5.09, 13.29,
and 14.19) (3.27)
The one who knows the truth about the role of the forces of
Nature in getting work done does not become attached to the
work. Such a person knows that it is the forces of Nature that
get their work done by using our organs as their instruments.
(3.28)
But those who are deluded by the illusive power (Maya) of Nature
become attached to the works done by the forces of Nature. The
wise should not disturb the mind of the ignorant whose knowledge
is imperfect. (See also 3.26) (3.29)
Do your duty dedicating all works to God in a spiritual frame
of mind free from desire, attachment, and mental grief. (3.30)
Those who always practice this teaching of Mine ¾
with faith and are free from cavil ¾
become free from the bondage of Karma. But those who carp at
this teaching and do not practice it, consider them ignorant,
senseless, and lost. (3.31-32)
All beings follow their nature. Even the wise act according
to their own nature. What, then, is the value of sense restraint?
(3.33)
TWO MAJOR STUMBLING
BLOCKS ON THE PATH OF PERFECTION
Attachments and aversions for the sense objects remain in the
senses. One should not come under the control of these two,
because they are two major stumbling blocks, indeed, on one’s
path of Self-realization. (3.34)
One’s inferior natural work is better than superior unnatural
work. Death in carrying out one’s natural work is useful. Unnatural
work produces too much stress. (See also 18.47) (3.35)
LUST IS THE
ORIGIN OF SIN
Arjuna said: O Krishna, what impels one to commit sin as if
unwillingly and forced against one’s will? (3.36)
Lord Krishna said: It is the lust born out of passion that
becomes anger when unfulfilled. Lust is insatiable and is a
great devil. Know this as the enemy. (3.37)
As the fire is covered by smoke, as a mirror by dust, and as
an embryo by the amnion; similarly, Self-knowledge gets covered
by different degrees of this insatiable lust, the eternal enemy
of the wise. (3.38-39)
The senses, the mind, and the intellect are said to be the
abode of lust; with these it deludes a person by veiling the
Self-knowledge. (3.40)
Therefore, O Arjuna, by controlling the senses first, kill
this devil of material desire that destroys Self-knowledge and
Self-realization. (3.41)
HOW TO CONTROL
LUST
The senses are said to be superior to the body, the mind is
superior to the senses, the intellect is superior to the mind,
transcendental knowledge is superior to the intellect, and the
Self is superior to transcendental knowledge. (3.42)
Thus, knowing the Self to be superior to the intellect, and
controlling the mind by the intellect that is purified by spiritual
practices, one must kill this mighty enemy, lust, O Arjuna.
(3.43)